Frederick II.

Was Frederick II Anti-Papal? "There were three great frauds in history. Moses, Jesus and Mohammed." Frederick II. All religions must be tolerated...for...every man must get to heaven in his own way." Frederick II Frederick II was perhaps one of the most influential individuals of the period, both for his open secularity - which was highly unusual for his time - and for his quite blatant moves for change within the Empire and what …

…made king of one of the most holy places in the world. Yet there was nonetheless one element which could form the argument of an anti-papal Frederick II - however one which could possibly be written off on preservation of his Empire and principles - an argument which is supported by the careful manipulative action that he took. That element is the civil war that Frederick had caused between the nobles of the Papal states.