Important landmarks which contributed to the development of surgery.

The Austrian surgeon, Theodor Billroth (1829-1894), is generally regarded as the founding father of modern abdominal surgery. The Austrian physician, Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943), is noted for his development in 1901 of the modern system of classification of blood groups. In early 1840s surgery began to change dramatically in character with the discovery of effective and practical anesthetic chemicals such as ether and chloroform. And cases related to the appendix opened doors to abdominal surgeries allowing causes …

…can be seen that all the causes are being discovered. In conclusion, the move to longer operations increased danger of dangerous complications since the prolonged exposure of surgical wounds to the open air increased chances of infections. It was only in the late 19th century with the rise of microbiology, scientists like Louis Pasteur (1833-1895) and innovative doctors were able to implement the notion of strict cleanliness and need for sterile settings during surgery arise.